European Stars And Stripes (Newspaper) - November 30, 1987, Darmstadt, Hesse                                Monday november 30. T9s7 the stars and stripes Page 5 nuclear deterrent centers on submarines continued Trident buildup planned Liy Richard Ham Kan in it Vork times Bangkok. Wash. Since resident marked 1o and sri i Llic nation s inn Range nuclear forces six Jears Apo. The balance of american sinking Power has shifted almost unnoticed from land to sea. Today nearly Hall the nuclear warheads in Long Range weapons arc carried aboard submarines an increase of one third since 1981. The rest Are in land based missiles or bombs and cruise missiles carried by bombers. The shift has taken place As eight Trident submarines have joined the flirt each with 24 missiles armed with eight warheads. The newest vessel. Nevada was loaded with missiles in August. A coming years the ratio will favor Mii Wilc in submarines even More. The Navy is constructing six More Trident and plans a total of 20. While the air Force hns been delayed in deploying my missiles lie cause guidance systems have not been delivered on time. There is also Lilc support in Congress for More land based missiles. The Trident program could be slowed by budget cuts or an arms agreement. Reagan is to meet with soviet Leader Mikhail Gorbachev in Washington dec. 7 to sign an agreement limiting medium Range missiles and to look for reductions in Long Range weapons. The emphasis on submarine based missiles has not been articulated by the Reagan administration which has concentrated on the air Force s my missile and b 1 bomber but has evolved from other strategic Politi Cal and  developments. Strategically students of nuclear warfare say improved accuracy in soviet land based missiles the. Bulk of the soviet nuclear forces has put american land based missiles and bombers at risk. But Navy officers argue that submarines can hide in the sea. Vice adm. Bruce pc Mars. The Navy s chief of naval operations for submarine warfare contends that submarines have become the pre eminent leg of the strategic deterrence triad of land air and sea based missiles. Politically As William Arkin of the Zinsli Tut for policy studies in Washington wrote recently the Navy s nuclear arms so far have not been subjected to the same Public scrutiny that has been focused on land based nuclear forces like the my. Technically excess Cost delays and poor workmanship that marked the Early construction of Trident submarines which began during the a Ord administration have been corrected Navy officers said thus damping congressional criticism. Navy submarines carry 5,632 nuclear warheads compared to 2.i4q warheads atop the air Force s Mauteman and my missiles the rest Are aboard bombers. But Trident has been costly. A report by the congressional research service said that with spending on the Trident program in Mic i s69.8 billion by 1992. It has become the most cd Penis pc u a. Weapon  but naval officers say Trident consumes Only 10 percent of the Nivy s budget and 25 percent of the Cost of Long Range nuclear forces. They defended the pro Gram s costs arguing that because they re undetected submarines deter attack. If the United slates and the soviet Union agree in limit Long Range nuclear arms Trident would undoubtedly be affected since the ships carry the greater num Ber of warheads. The Trident i missiles have n Range of 4,300 Miles and the warheads could hit targets in the soviet Union As soon As the submarines leave the West coast in contrast older submarines must steam some Dis Tance to get within Range. The Navy has 28 Poseidon submarines with 16 missiles each. Of those 12 have Tri Dent i missiles and the remainder have Poseidon missiles with a Range of 2,800 Miles. Poseidon submarines arc based at Charleston s.c., and holy Loch Scotland. All Polaris submarines the first american ballistic mis Sile submarines have been retired. The Navy also has 100 attack submarines armed mainly with torpedoes. The a Cal Trident submarine Tennessee and the next nine vessels Are to be based at Kings Day. A. All Trident submarines arc now based in Bangor. Every 12 or 11 Days a submarine returns from a patrol in the Pacific to trigger an urgent but orchestrated Effort to gel her Back to sea. A fresh Crew replaces the returning Crew provisions for 70 Days ure stowed aboard machinery is repaired and some missiles Are exchanged. After drills the sub Marinc resumes patrol. Trident spend two thirds of their service Lime ill sea. Compared to half for older missile carrying submarines and one third for most surface vessels. Each Trident has two Crews of 170 officers chief Petty officers and sailors. Named for Navy colors the Blue Crew prepares for sea we Ilc the Gold Crew is on patrol. The nuclear powered submarine could stay Al sea longer than the 70 Days of a Normal patrol. But that would put a Burden on the Crew in separation from families and friends and in fatigue. The Blue Crew starts getting ready the Day the mid Crew leaves. With each patrol about 20 percent of a Crew is new because  leave for Shore duly to attend school or to leave the Navy. Most training takes place in a building in which a Trident has in effect been broken apart. We be tried to make this place As close to a ship As  said an officer. We can put them in a High stress White Knuckles situation right up to catastrophic emerged  the Crew trains technicians prepare to service a submarine As soon As it returns. Much maintenance is planned if a pump is designed to work three years it will be replaced at 2tt years. The whole idea is to pull it off before it  said an officer. A key to Swift turnarounds submariners said is the design. In older submarines with Small hatches machinery had to be disassembled and lifted out for re pair it could not be tested unit after reassembly in the submarine. On the Trident machinery can be hoisted through a six foot Square opening without disassembly. A new or rebuilt piece of equipment. Already tested is lowered and hooked up. Repairs and replenishment usually take is Days. Without weekends Oft. The Captain then runs drills while the submarine is lied up and finally drink in Fugel sound before slipping out to sea. Sands of tire he s in the Doghouse now the stars and stripes missing mayor wanders Back Home 40 years ago today. Nov. 30, 1947 the . General Assembly voted 33-13 in favor of partitioning Palestine into Arab and jewish states. The Vole ended weeks of debate in which Arab countries threatened to fight the partition with All their strength. 30 years ago today ,. Nov. 30. 1957 Moo Walch scientists called for a weekend Alert for the death of russian satellite sputnik i s rocket. Scientists Al the smithsonian astrophysical Observatory expected friction in the outer Atmo sphere to melt away the rocket s outer skin but they feared the engine might strike the Earth. 20 years ago today. Nov. 30, 1967 the while House denied As nonsense reports of a rift Between president Johnson and soon to resign defense Secretary Robert s. Mcnamara. ? 0 years ago today. Nov. 30, 1977 . District judge Frank m. Johnson withdrew As president Carter s nominee for Fri director because of his slow re Cowsery from abdominal surgery. W. German 88 budget Bonn Al the bundestag West Germany s parliament on Friday passed a 1988 National budget that includes a 41.4 percent hike in spending for projects to improve relations with communist East Germany. A Honor mayor bowl left is reunited Ith owner Tom Stillman in Sunol Calif Sunol Calif. A the mayor of a town of 400 ended his we Klong unexplained absence saturday returning Home with Tail wagging and a  in his Mouth. Mayor Bosco had eluded an extensive search that inc Judd the posting of wanted posters in the Sunol area 45 Miles cast of san Francisco asking peo ple to keep an Eye out for our Friend and  70-Pound Black Labrador retriever who triumphed Over two human candidates in the unincorporated town s last mayoral vote eight years ago had lost his Collar and some weight since disappearing nov. 21. But otherwise he was his old  just came Truisi on Home carry ing a stick said Tom Suil Man who looks after the mayor. The Case of the missing mayor Drew headlines after still Roan and other concerned constituents sought help in local ing him. Based on other incidents during the Bosco administration however there was Lille doubt he would return once he tired of life on the Road. On occasion he has run off with female friends and even Jurne de to Ore gon after falling asleep in the Back of a pickup truck owned by one of Stillman s friends. Still Stillman was worried enough to spend counties hours during the Pas week driving around looking for Bosco and checking out tips called in by helpful residents. His Honor did t turnout lobe easy to spot despite his local  really panned  said Stillman. There Are a lot of Black drugs. 1 have no idea where he  when the skinnier Bosco trotted up to the Skillman House he was uterine two Flea collars someone had put on him. He had More than play on his  just kind of looked Ai in bullish and said feed me " Stillman said