European Stars and Stripes (Newspaper) - January 15, 1991, Darmstadt, Hesse                                To your health the 90s woman How fat  fat by Molly o Neill. New York times Ite by bite american women dutifully serve the reigning image of body Beautiful. Men have been almost blissfully immune from the Vicissitudes of a body style but in the United states women have borne the Burden with gusto. In the late ,19th Century when the Fleshy physique dominated the generous Gibson girl contours were sought with a flurry of Forks. Quot the loan Are restless and irritable in mind rarely contented never quiet Quot admonished How to be plump. Or talks on physiological feeding an 1878 handbook by or . Duncan. Quot they form the complaining element of society and Are unstable  a . When thin came in  their Forks to push food primly from one Side of a the plate to the other. Quot it makes me feel. Powerful to be hungry Quot an emaciated Ivana Trump told reporters in 1986. Today Forks across America Are poised somewhere Between plate and Mouth. After a 20-year reign of an anorexic. Aesthetic arbiters of haute couture and. Doyenne of popular culture along with health and fitness experts have begun to. Reconsider the question Quot How fat  fat Quot for the moment american women Arent sure whether to feast or fast. Quot the Twiggy look  definitely Over Quot. Said or. Katherine Halmi director of the eating disorders clinic at new York Hospital comely medical Center Westchester division. The full female figure  Blooming again. Hourglass forms a Are bursting from the pages of fashion magazines and proudly taking a place in the front  Low Impact aerobic classes. A. What was once Quot fat Quot can now be Quot fit Quot a at least in mass Market images of women. It  not Clear How much the Ideal american female form will grow a or How healthy the rounding of America  people in our country Are already heavier than people in any other country in the world Quot Halmi said. Quot to say that obesity  Beautiful  to ignore the fact that morbid. Obesity   for now individual women hesitate to beef up the hips breasts and round limbs that have been verboten since the invasion of stick like British models in the 1960s. Quot women raised under the Specter of Twiggy have a morbidly obese image. Burned in  like a horror movie Quot said Carol Bloom a psychotherapist who  co founder of the women therapy Institute . Quot the fear fuels Yoyo dieting bulimia and anorexia disorders that Are potentially much More threatening to health and Well being than a few extra  or. Jean Rubel of anorexia Nerosa and related eating disorders in Eugene ore., estimates that More than half the women Ages 10 to 30 suffer an eating disorder. Beginning in the 1970s, the decade of svelte that number skyrocketed she said at the same time the country witnessed a Renaissance of Quick weightless diets and diet related maladies that did no to even off until last year. No wonder health professionals demand a physiological. Appraisal of body fat that considers heredity age and body composition in setting weight goals.  1983, the height and weight table tabulated by the metropolitan life. Insurance company moved in that. Direction. Used by most american physicians to determine Quot Normal Quot weight the charts showed an increase of 5 to 10 pounds in most categories. Quot since our Benchmark study in 1958, it was the first significant increase in healthy americans Quot said Stanley Kranzer a demographer who compiled results of the 4. Million americans who were polled. In the 1990 dietary guidelines by the United states departments of agriculture and health and human services suggested weight ranges were Een More generous. And distinctions Between healthful. Weights for men and women of the same height were nearly eliminated. Physicians who specialize in weight loss advocate another approach to determining How fat  fat. Quot total weight  not  important  the proportion of lean body mass like muscle and  fat body mass Quot said Christine Wolave director of exercise physiology at the Blooming of the female figure foral Szturma health spa in Miami. A. By using calipers to measure body fat she helps individuals set weight goals. Quot i often advocate a weight far above the. Height and weight Chart Quot she said. Quot research shows that Active people. Need weight to maintain their lifestyles. The anorexic look  unhealthy and unsustainable a. .��.�����. Fitness instructors at the foral Szturma today Are 5 to 10 pounds heavier than they were three years ago. Quot we want to see muscle not Bone Quot said Wolaver. A. The More robust female image . Consistent with fashion. After 25 years of aping Twiggy and Jean the shrimp Shrimpton runway models recently began to flaunt hips and breasts. Later. Day Junos appear in movies television a and advertising. A the shift from the tubular shaped woman who recalls an adolescent boy to a round figure reminiscent . Monroe  the latest chapter in an age old bifurcation of the female form. In the nude the Art historian Kenneth Clar wrote Quot prehistoric images of women Are of two kinds the bulging statuettes from palaeolithic caves which emphasize the female attributes till they Are Little More than symbols of Fertility and the Marble dolls of the Cyclades in which already the unruly human  undergone a geometrical  a hence a voluptuous Roseanne Barr a posed like Botticelli a Venus on the cover of the december vanity fair Magazine does no to necessarily signal that Chu Bettes Are Chic. But it  emblematic of a shifting aesthetic. In a society where women a appetites Are typically set by an external Standard of Beauty rather than a physiologic craving the change gives pause at the table. But the shift does t Surprise theoreticians. A Quot throughout history the Ideal women. Body size has gone up and Down like an economic barometer of culture Quot said Bloom. A. Linda Weintraub director of the Edith c. Blum Art Institute at Bard College said. That in any society the Ideal female form the image of the Ideal female figure has fluctuated from decade to decade. Marilyn Monroe left Twiggy and Madonna. File photos role models for women have included generally changes in reaction to economic conditions. Quot in a culture where food  scarce the rounded female form  glorified  a Symbol of Security and a affluence Quot she said. Quot in a culture where food  abundant the lean body  glorified for its  her colleague at Bard Richard a. Gordon a professor of psychology furthers the argument. Quot in historical periods in which women have Felt under pressure to prove their intellectual ability and competence the slender body Ideal has been dominant Quot he writes in anorexia and bulimia Anatomy of a social epidemic Basil Blackwell,1990 full figures on the other hand abound during Home entered eras. Blackwell notes that the idealization of thinness did t take a firm hold in the United states until the Early 20th Century when women entered the workplace. That image was then unseated by the hourglass figures of Marilyn Monroe and Jayne Mansfield in the postwar period of Domestic retrenchment. Quot dieting and thinness attained the status of a mass cultural obsession Quot he said in the last. Two decades  More women than Ever before entered the american work Force. And the re Blooming of the female figure coincides with the largest baby Boom since the baby Boom. Fertility and Nur Turance Are not the overt message in Madonna a look. Implanted. Breasts seen on runway models seem More like toys than parts of the procreative female biology but even caricatures can be bellwethers. Quot they say health Quot said fran Weiss a psychotherapist who specializes in treating body image distortions at the obesity research Center at St. Lukes Roosevelt Hospital . Quot people Are getting very leery of thin. Thin could be sick it could be the sickness. A Little More bulk Means . So far women on a mass Binge have not stampeded main Street . Specialists in eating disorders say that it will take a generation to reverse the disorders that flourished during the recent reign of svelte. But the popularity of books like fat  a feminist Issue Berkley 1979 and making peace with food a step by step guide to Freedom from diet weight conflict 1990, Amity a publishing signal a slight loosening of the dietary Corset. 0. American women Are once again being extolled to aim their Forks at healthful portions of healthful food. Quot to be healthy we want to know what to eat. So that we May observe the Golden mean a Florid plumpness which  the picture of health the world Over Quot wrote do can in 1878. At the doral Saturnia health spa Alix Landman a dietitian told 23 female guests several weeks ago Quot look at food a fuel for building a healthy Strong body. Basically firm food like vegetables and crams will make firm tissue. Fatty food like butter cheese and meat will make fatty. . A. A Quot plump May still be a four letter word a but  Long  fat  firm fat  the Golden mean today. Deaths after heart bypass unravelling the mystery by Gina Kolata new York times m every year about 10.000 people who had bypass surgery to Correct clogged coronary arteries die of heart attacks. All too often these heart attacks Are mysteries. A a lot of time it  not completely. Understood Why these people Are having heart attacks Quot said or. Timothy Fischell a cardiologist at Stanford University medical Center. Quot they should be. Better off rather than worse  in 70 percent of the cases Fischell added the vein or artery graft used to a v bypass the clogged blood vessel looks perfectly Fine. The problem also occurs in patients who have balloon angioplasty in which an expandable device  used to open blocked vessels. Now Fischell and his colleagues have proposed an explanation for these mysterious heart attacks. They suggest that one cause of heart. Attacks after bypass surgery or balloon angioplasty  that the coronary arteries themselves Are trying Tot create the sort of blood flow they were used to when the artery was clogged. Before the operation. Only a trickle of blood got past the blockage and so the blood pressure downstream from the occlusion was very a Low. A ,. Fischell and his colleagues believe that coronary arteries can Clamp Down after bypass surgery or balloon angioplasty to try to create the same sort of blood pressure just past the previously occluded areas. The findings were published in a recent Issue of the journal of clinical. Investigation. Quot its fascinating and it makes physiologic sense Quot said or. Henry Buchwald a heart disease researcher and professor of surgery at the University of Minnesota. Researchers have known for years that arteries Are far from being passive tubes like Garden hoses. Instead they Are rimmed with muscle cells that can twitch squeeze Down and relax to make the arteries wider or narrower. Coronary arteries Are known to sometimes go into spasms which can a starve the heart of blood and cause Chest. Pains and even heart attacks. Cardiologists had not thought that. Previously blocked arteries might Clamp Down because they remembered their old blood flow situation and thought it Normal. Fischell first proposed the hypothesis two years ago when he examined a Man who. Had a severe heart attack shortly after having had bypass surgery. The surgeons had bypassed two blocked arteries one that was nearly completely dogged and the other that was about 50 percent. Constricted. A to find out what was going on Fischell said he put a Dye in the Man arteries so he arteries with a memory fee amp Earch suggests that one Causa of Haart attacks after bypass operations or balloon angioplasty to open. Blocked vessels May be contractions by coronary arteries that ,.s recreate the blood flow pattern before the Btl a was cleared. Before of balloon clears plaque from an artery blood pressure downstream from the blockage  very Low. Coronary artery / a Kyj j. D before a balloon clears plaque from an artery blood pressure downstream from the blockage  very Low. Normal 20% blockage Prea Aure just after angioplasty Normal blood pressure  restored beyond the Point of the blockage in one study the artery and its branches constricted 30 minutes later raising blood pressure again. Source Timothy Fischell , could observe them in a rays he saw that the artery that had once been almost completely blocked had squeezed itself Down to prevent blood from getting past the site of the previous occlusion Fischell opened up the artery by giving the Man nitroglycerine which forced fhe artery to unc Lench. / now Fischell has garnered further evidence for his hypothesis by studying 20 people who were about to have balloon. Angioplasty a procedure Tri which a Small balloon  inflated in a clogged artery to Squash the plaque Down and open the blood vessel the patients had varying degrees of blockage and Fischell and his colleagues predicted that the arteries that had been blocked the most would constrict the most after the procedure and those that had been blocked the least would constrict Trie least the researchers measured the bios Ltd pressure downstream from each patient blockage then they opened the arteries with angioplasty they  30 minutes then measured the blood pressure. Not downstream  investigators found that the patients1 arteries did constrict and the arteries that had been most occluded clamped Down. Hardest confirming their predictions. None of these patients had constrictions severe enough to cause heart attacks so doctors cannot say whether such constriction might be the cause of most heart attacks after bypass surgery or angioplasty Fischell believes that they Are and recommends that patients be Given nitroglycerine for a few weeks after surgery to keep their arteries open while they relearn what  a Normal blood pressure downstream. .3. Others Are not entirely convinced or Jeffrey Isnor chief of cardiovascular research at Tufts University medical school. A at Boston said he and others Are not sure that the sorts of spasms Fischell had documented were clinically significant but to added the observations could still be crucially important to cardiologists once they understand the Imp futons of what  happening a. Page 14 a a a the stars and stripes tuesday january 15, 1991 the stars and stripes a a a Pangelo c a