European Stars And Stripes (Newspaper) - March 4, 1962, Darmstadt, Hesse                                4, 1961 the stars and stripes Fitial text of president s Tost in a partial Lent Kennedy s a St address on no and disarmament years ago Man in Power of the atom. He into his mortal hands of self extinction. Tut the years that have under three successive the United states has banish this weapon from is of individual nations. All the awesome respond entrusted to this office More somber to con than the special statutory to employ nuclear arms defense of our people and t until Mankind has Bank tired War and Ita instrument of the United states maintain an effective Quan id Quality of nuclear wean d deployed and protected to capable of surviving reprise attack and Bev stat of fee attacker. Judy through such strength can to the free world should thaljit Lent fall face the tragedy of my Jar War with any Hope of sur aft that deterrent strength if it if to be effective und credible. Embody the most modern the. Soviet Union callously broke its moratorium reliable and the most ver Little nuclear weapons our research development can produce. Testing of new weapons and Fitejr effects is necessarily a part of research and development. Without tests to expert and verify Progress is Wjk nation which is refraining Ftp tests obviously cannot mulch the gains of a nation conducting 4$ts. And when All nuclear Powers qty fran from testing the nuclear Aims race is held in Check. That is Why this nation hits Long urged an effective world wide end to nuclear tests. And that is Why it voluntarily subscribed As did to Jap soviet Union to a nuclear tart moratorium during which wether Side would conduct new nuclear tests and both East and West would seek Concrete plans Tor their control. But on september 1st of last four while the United state and the United kingdom  in Good Faith at Genera the soviet Union cat Louly broke Ite moratorium Wiki two month series of More than 10 nuclear test. Preparations for these tests had been secretly under Way for Many months accompanied by new threats and new tactics of terror these Testa conducted mostly in the atmosphere represented a major soviet Effort to put nuclear weapons Back into the arms race. Once it was apparent that new appeals and proposals were to no Avail i authorized on september 5th a resumption of . Nuclear tests underground and i announced on november 2ndbefore the close of the soviet series that preparations were being ordered for a resumption of atmospheric teats and that we would make whatever tests our Security required in the tight of soviet gains. This week the National Security Council has completed its review of this subject the scope Tut justification of proposed american tests have Ben carefully reviewed deter mining which experiments can be safely deferred which can a deleted which can be combined or conducted underground and which Are ement Lal to our Mili tary and scientific Progress. Careful attention has been Given to the limiting of radioactive fall out to the future course of arms control diplomacy and to our obligations to other nations. Every alternative was examined. Every Avenue of obtaining soviet agreement was explored. We were determined not to Rush into Imi Tating their tests. And we were equally determine to do Only what our own Security required us to do. Although the Complex preparations have continued at full Speed while these fact were being uncovered no single decision of this administration has been More thoroughly or More thoughtfully weighed having carefully considered them findings having received be unanimous recommendations of the pertinent department an Agency Heads und having of to served the soviet Union s refusal to accept any agreement which would inhibit it Freedom to ten extensively after preparing Oei Coly i Hai e today authorized Tho atomic Energy  the department of defense to conduct a or iwo of nuclear ts1 beginning when our preparations Are completed in the latter part of april and to a concluded As quickly As per Hible within two or threw months such Serieh involving Only those Testa which cannot bet held underground to Lake place in the atmosphere Over la a Cilc Ocean. By paying careful attention to location wind and weather conditions and by holding these tests Over the open sea we intend to Rule out any problem of fallout in the immediate area of testing. It has been estimated that the seventeen years ago Man unleashed the Power of the  exposure due to radioactivity fro these tests will be less than l/50th of the difference which can be experienced due to variations unnatural radioactivity simply by living in different locations in this country. This will obviously be Well with in the guides for general Popula Tion health and safety. And to. We intend to Rule out any problem of fallout. Considerably less than l/10th of 1 per cent of the exposure guide set for adults who work with Industrial radioactivity. Nevertheless i find it deeply regrettable thai any radioactive material must be added to the atmosphere that even one additional individual s health May be risked in the foreseeable future. And however run into and in finite Pima the hazards Are judged to be i Hill exceedingly regret the nth Ensley of balancing those hazards Ngi Tinat the in mls to hundreds of millions of lives which would be created by any relative decline in our nuclear strength. In the absence of u major shift in soviet policies no american president responsible for the free Dom and safety of to Many people could in Good Fuith make any other decision. But because our nuclear posture affects the Security of All Ameri cans and All free men be Nuse this Issue has aroused such wide spread concern i want to share with you and All the world ,. Dwight d. Eisenhower John f. Kennedy the you out Havo followed under three successive president the United states a sought to banish this weapon from the arsenals of individual nations All of the facts and thoughts which have gone into my decision. Had the soviet tests of last  merely a new Effort to intimidation and Bluff our Security would not have been affected. But in fact they also reflected a highly sophisticated technology the trial of novel designs and techniques and some substantial gains in weaponry Many of their tests were aimed at improving their defences again it missiles others were proof taut trying out existing Weah he systems but Over one half emphasized the development of new weapons particularly those of greater explosive Power. A primary purpose of these tests was the development of warhead which weigh very Little compared to the destructive efficiency of their thermonuclear yield. One soviet test weapon explode with the Force of 58 Megatons the equivalent of 58 million tons of font this was a reduced yield version of their much publicized Hundred megaton bomb. Much has also been said about soviet claims for antimissile mis Siles. Some of the soviet tests which measured the effects of High Altitude nuclear explosion in one Case Over 100 Miles High were related to this problem. While apparently seeking information on the effects of nuclear blasts on radar and communication which is important in developing in antimissile defense system these tests did not in our judgment reflect a developed system. In Short last fall s tests in and by themselves did not give the soviet Union superiority in nuclear Power. They did however provide the soviet laboratories with a mass of data and experience on which Over he next two or three years they can base significant analyses experiments and extrapolations preparing for the next test series which would confirm and Advance their findings. And i must report to you in nil Candor that further soviet series in the absence of fur her Western Progress could Well provide the soviet Union with a nuclear at tack and defense capability so powerful is to encourage aggressive designs were we to stir us still while the soviets sir passed a or oven appeared to surpass us tie free world it ability to deter to survive ii Rita to respond to an All out attack would be seriously weakened x the fact of the matter is that we cannot make similar strides with out testing in the atmosphere a Well a underground. For in Many areas of nuclear weapon research we have reached the Point where our Progress is stifled without experiments in every environment in addition to proof Testa of existing systems two different types of tests have therefore been decided upon. The first and. Moat important Are called effects tests determining what effect an ene my s nuclear explosions would have on our ability to survive an respond. We Are spending great sums of Money of radar to Alert our de lenses and to develop possible antimissile systems on the communications which enable our command and control centers to direct a response on hardening our missile Sites shielding our missiles and their warheads from defensive action and providing them with electronic guidance systems to find their targets. But we cannot be certain How much of this preparation will turn out to be useless blacked out paralysed or destroyed by the Complex effect of a nuclear explosion secondly we must test in the atmosphere to permit the develop ment of. Advanced concepts and More effective efficient weapons which in Light of soviet Testa ure deemed essential to our Security. This series is designed to Lead to Many important if not alway dramatic results. Improving the nuclear yield per. Our Progress is stifled without experiments Pound of weight in our weapons will make them easier to move protect and fire More Likely to survive attack and More adequate Cor effective retaliation. It will Anu even More importantly enable us to add to our  certain penetration n ids und decoys. Whenever possible these development tests will be held under ground. But the larger explosions can Only be tented in the Atmos phere. And while our technology in smaller weapons is unmatched we know now that the soviets have made major gains in developing larger weapons of Low weight and High explosive Content of 1 to 5 Megatons and upward. Fourteen of their tests last fall were in this category for a total of 30 such Testa Over the years. The United states on the other hand had conducted prior to the moratorium a total or Only 20 test within this megaton Range. White we will be conducting far gout Oft Page 9, col t