European Stars And Stripes (Newspaper) - March 4, 1962, Darmstadt, Hesse Thi stars and stems a target sync Tai he of it r the great russians again put by k. Cit Halke Tehran up Imperial Iran Pivot of Western defense in the strategic near East u once again under heavy pressure from soviet the Kreihn i overriding him in to Brack Iran away from 1u align ment with the West it is a Mem Ber of Cento the Central treaty or Nyji Uon and extend soviet coatro1 to Runta a southerly neigh Shah Mohammed Renca Pahl Evl has until now been Alt to resist alternating communist Friendly overtures and threats. But the danger remains. A propaganda barrage beamed from communist but Germany and from asian Russia has been calling lately on the people of Iran to Rise against their ruler and his government not Long ago mos cow threatened Iran with nuclear extermination in the event of War. Three front Uvira Mgo a tar Peter die great a mind the first ten Lack of Awakening Kwh slim in Perl Altai toward Iran it a remained Taitt of Kun Chen ii try or Lance. Iran remains u luring prize in Moscow s policy Dps Gnu. Ii is the Gateway to the persian Gulf and it Lia Bors some of Tjio world s Rich est Oil Fields. Bui what is More Iran has since world War it become the Pivot of Western defense in the near and Middle East and a vital Factor in Allied global defense strategy. Moscow has is ways considered Iran of part of its zone of influence but has failed in repented efforts of envelop the country in its m Litany and political plans. Led by the went oriented Shah the Tehran government has committed itself to the West in the East West cold War. As a member of Cento it is the West s chief near Eastern defense outpost and a a military arrangement with the United states it is against this background of russian designs and Iran s pro Western leanings that the Krem Lin s pressures and propaganda blasts must be viewed if Iran became common list and sell info Kust Tian hands the Impact on the West would be to attend out. The More than 1,000 mlle Long Frontier Iran shares with the soviet Union would be Laid open lipping a Gap in the West s defense line Between the Arctic and the Indian f can Down to the strategic Mediterranean. In the course of recent moves the Kremlin has veered Between offers of an eid baited non aggression pact and nuclear threats. The Shah so far has withstood these pressures and consistently pledged to stand by his pro Western course. Difficult internal conditions a restless population and political strife offer ready targets Lor communist subversion. Russia is exploiting All these tensions to the Hilt. Since Peter the great initiated the first russian threat Iran witnessed it series of aggressions until its Borders were fixed to its disadvantage by the treaties of 1881 and 1893.after the i Unitan 191 Revo Lution a treaty Tveith lie communist regime Speed to Hove ended the strife. But the Chinmu Nith obtained a clause which Kuvic it Uslan term ten the right to Miler Iran if i he soviet Union was Ihre Alenty from iranian Bate. At the time thin we aimed against anti soviet White rus finn operant Voitk but Iran Linn to of found out that it Vifot More than it bargained for. Viu n flu a Roelln us Short lived Noti a regression pict with Hitler in 1939 Moscow so thu inuit Lent the areas in the Gen end direction of he persian Rulf be recognized As u Tenter of us Peru Tion a of the soviet after Hitler s attack on Russia soviet troops marched into North Ern Iran on aug. 28, 1941. British troops simultaneously entered Iho South of the country which be came h Vitai Bridge for Allied notably amour in War supplies la Russia. Hul even whip Kili Liutik Lur her Lite Russia Ulso we crying to ii cure u More permanent foothold in Iran. In the Wake of the so Viet troops came the political commissars laying the groundwork for the communist Udeh party. The country s Northern prov Ince adjoining liar la Azerbaijan and kurd Etan were soon it up at no called Piuto Nomon ref flies. They col to Mcd after rus Sla s withdrawal at our a end. But Moscow continue id work for their with the and John Luff soviet Kew Uclint of Aker Balkan Al the red urmy h n v 1 n k in Iran Allaf 3�, mall Kis Urcis All Iron a inc. A olt oui Ruti m t,os1, Ftp Dox Persia Trent Hod itself in Iran refused to quit lifter world War ii. In de Fiance of an agreement among president Franklin a Roosevelt. Prime minister Winston Churchill and Josef Stirlin that the . Would evacuate the country after the defeat of the Axis Powers Russia s refusal caused the first major East West clash in the newly created United nations Rutm Patlon in 1946-47. . Pressure ultimately pursue i d statin to agree to pull out of this strut Vic Strong hold. Hussla. never stopped seeking ways unto Means to get Back. Iran invited the it Chinlin a ire when ignoring Lui Wian warnings and out Riihl threats. It joined the pro Western Baghdad put with Iraq Pakistan Turkey and Britain. This Bermie of nto of tar the withdraw i of Iraq four years ago. Today it Omu races Iron Pii Kistne Turkey and Britain the United states is not formally n member but to closely linked with Cento and is represented on us import 2 vastly different strongmen Rule by untied Prea International two Strong but totally different men run modern Persia or Iran. One is the Shah Mohsmmed Reza Pahl Evl. The other is his Tough prime minister. Or. Alt am Fol wealthy lawyer economist Diplo mat the Shah at 42, is close to the storybook image of a Pou Rittuc. Slender Wavy haired handsome with great personal magnetism for women. Until he began breaking. Up his Fortune and giving away hit lands he web rated one of the world s richest men. Nearer since 1941 of the Crown of the oldest continuous monarchy in the world the Shah in i960 achieved his heart b desire a son. The boy was born to his third wife Farad Elba daughter of a wealthy but no Royal iranian family and secured the line of inheritance to the Peacock throne. Two other Beautiful women were discarded by the hah because they bore him no son. His first wife was Princess Fawzia sister of then King Farouk of Egypt. She bore him a daughter. They were divorced in 1948. In his next mar Anill Shah Ringe with. Perstin Princess Soraya there were no children and the Shah divorced her in 1058. In december 1959 the Shah wed Parah Diba am enl and the Shah Cipp Wir to make a Good team their scarcely concealed political differences. In background they Are not too far apart am enl too was born to wot the into one of Tran k richest landholding families. Despite this he has undertaken what he. Has called revolution from Hove and initiated the Shah s two year inn redistribution program the prime minister at 54 is a Young num As ranking diplomats go. After Law schooling in prance he returned to inn in 193.1 Ricl went on the Bench. Am enl switched to government As a career in 1933, joining the ministry of finance. He became the ministry s director general five years later and in 1940 was elected to Iran s majlis or lower House of parliament. Named minister of National Economy he went out of office Dur ing the 1951-53 regime of Moham med to megh but came Batik into the finance ministry under the succeeding government. After serving As ambassador to Washington in 1957-58, am enl appeared to have fallen into the Shah s Disfavour. Political turmoil grew and in May 1961 the Shah reached out to am no who showed his strength from the Start a c c e p 1 n g the premiership he announced that the Shah must reign but not when Amlin insisted on a free hand to Curry out reforms the Shah dissolved parliament so am enl could Rule by decree. Tant military committee. There is also a bilateral agree ment both we i run and the i Jolt a state reached in March ipa9, that provide for american old Una for . Asa Latance in the of Iii of Hokr Ephion Ufa list Iran unofficial estimates put Amer ican Aid to Iran in the decade be tween 1050 and 1060 at More than a billion dollars divided about 50 50 Between economic and military old. Til now this help has kept Iran firmly in the Allied Camp. Riots Early this year in Tehran which Ted to bloodshed appeared it least partly to have been com my nitty exploited. The government protested to Moscow against inter Ference in its of furn. But there Are grievances to the country. Big landowners fear their grip the nation by in Tea Frew int Iran Loans heavily on its resources or its economic and future development. Lat Yar the country s auction of crude Oil to better than 57 met Loti ton in ,1960 the eight internal companies of Tho Oil Consort it which operate it South if funded Over to the Tehran emment Revenue of $2854hon. This was somewhat less than per cent of the National incur but tilt easily is the county biggest single earner part Culat by at foreign Exchange since is Iran main Export. ,. Basically the country is Agi cultural. Four fifths of its people live at the and ant produce hides woo Cotton fruit caviar from Caspian a is another product Iran s industries other the1 Oil Are carpet weaving edit and Wool processing and the. Duct on of silk goods. It Haa Neal Canning brewing distilling 01 tobacco manufacturing plants. In i960, the Tust year for Whu Complete import Export figure Are available the country s pm ports Cost better than $5.4 billion while total exports excluding of were Worth billion. S Iran s tending muting partner Are Britain the United states Germany Japan and the soviet Union. Is about to be broken. The a Hus put his if nature to a 1 Reform Bill which Aims at Brea ing up the country s big states. There Are landowners who own to to to 190 villages under Feudal terms. The Shah himself passed much off his own wealth Over to the pee last full including a minimum 13 acres to each of about 4,306 families near the Caspian sea to my and the soviet Border. A convenient rallying Point for the discontented is former Premier r Mohammed Mossadegh a wealthy landowner himself who hog Agnlin _ become a Center of government opposition. 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