European Stars And Stripes (Newspaper) - December 28, 1986, Darmstadt, Hesse                                Diu Magazine Small Flint 0, gob Stone founded architecture storage equipment oof k herding i units to Wentt  \ apiculture mount Foft to 7,000 a Fum on Craft  Cut Chuyuk Catal Chuyuk it believed id have been a Village of 4.000 people in of . Bow carrying Hunter is a fragment of a will painting. It suggests an Early tendency inward self  and it reveal Early ability to Creale Art. Jericho an outstanding discovery was a head modelled in Chalky Day. The Eye locket were inlaid with Mediterranean conches Ota Type common an the Southern coast Al Israel. The people of Jericho May have traded their Salt Bil Umea Fulfur or fresh water Tor Turquoise Obsidian and sea Lills like those used in the head. Irrigation ranked Huety plow 4.0wk wheel pod and carts Bronze metallurgy writing cilia full Lime Irmini Clarai society slate bureaucracy written Legal Coda 2.0mk Chariot Iron metallurgy alphabet or. My m. Be Riib to go Tolan Bro a l in no Volt a new picture of Early Man by William k. Stevens new York times a re geologists and anthropologists Are discerning a major previously unrecognized phase in the development of  gradually unfolding discovery promises to revolutionize Standard textbook notions about the nature of human life in the millennia just before recorded history began. For years the experts have believed that before Aboul 3500 or 4000 . When the firs cities blossomed in the Middle East people lived Pas Lora lives in farming villages whose simple patterns of existence had hardly changed since people first settled Down to cultivate the Earth about 10,000 years ago we be been thinking of these Early agriculturalists As peaceful egalitarian groups Happy in the Sunshine not terribly motivated to go off and look at other areas really simple self sufficient communities says Mary m. Voigli an anthropologist at the University of Pennsylvania s museum of archaeology anthropology but now experts Are concluding thai Complex sophisticated economic and social systems developed 7,000 to 9,000 years ago 1,000 to 3,000 years before the Tirol cities Rose and humans began to write things Down. The society that developed during this period was not quite Urban the experts say. Ii cons i muted 3 Long stable transition previously unknown Between earlier simpler agricultural societies and what is called the Urban transformation of the third and fourth millennia ., when urbanization Ertling and Metal making converged in one of humanity s biggest leaps Forward. The emerging new portrait of humanity in the late neolithic age is that of restless people whose trading networks spanned the known world who had moved far beyond subsistence agriculture to become specialized producers of pottery beads hides foods and other goods and who had already begun to heat and work metals. No longer the egalitarian villagers of an earlier Era they displayed a social Hierarchy competed economically developed the precursors of Central cities with satellite villages built walled towns and probably made War on each other. Some May have Prancl iced human sacrifice. Far from a Bland people they painted their bodies and wore bangles. The new image Replete with division of labor Trade some social stratification and a great Deal of technological experimentation suggests that these factors considered so important in the formation of cities and Stales actually were elements in a stable social form much earlier. It Means that some aspects of the formation of lilies and states will have to be revised according to Voigli the late neolithic style of Village life did nol fade with the Rise of the cities some experts believe but instead persisted in ils essentials until Only a Tew Hundred years ago what was first invented As Village life 9.000 years ago was so successful and so impressive thai it went basically without change until the modern Era says Charles l. Redman an anthropologist at Arizona stale univ Orsi by who has been studying the matter. There Are Many gaps and fuzzy spots in the emerging new portrait Many mysteries and tantalizing new questions. How were these villages organized wha i kind of government did they have no theoretical models of life in late prehistory has yet been developed and some experts Lear that i he picture will never be fury fleshed out Given the Lack of Fri i Len records. Never wheless  archaeologists and anthropologists that the Model of Early Village Lite that has dominated Iri ought on me subject for the last Quarter Century is obsolete. This is so they say Only partly because of now discoveries and new science based analyses of Village artefacts. It is also an outgrowth of new ways of looking at the results of Archo logical excavations in the Middle East Over the last three decades this is not abase in which a single dramatic a discovery has produced a revelatory breakthrough rather As More olten happens in science it is a Case in which the accumulation of exceptions Toa prevailing theory seems in time to overwhelm and overturn the theory itself. One except ton after another emerged from the Mideast digs by i for a Long Lime they were explained away says Voigt  she said Ever really sat Down and made theum Posay Well this Means we have to Start All Over before the prevailing Model was that of the prehistoric Village of Jarmo on the flanks of the Zagrous mountains in northeastern Iraq. There in the 1940s and 1950s, Roberl j. Braidwood a University of Chicago archaeologist Sot out to fill in what he saw As a huge Gap in knowledge about Lite Between the Cave dwellers and the Well advanced farming villages of the fourth millennium  Jarmo turned out to be a stunning archaeological breakthrough and largely because of it Braidwood became renowned As a giant of the profession Al Jarmo. He uncovered a neolithic Village that at one stroke extended knowledge about farming villages 3,000 years farther  into Lime to almost 7000  than it had Ever been before. Using modern scientific techniques to Dale the Artifay is and to Analyse metals culling Cloncs clays Bones and carbonized Plant remnants Braidwood and his team reconstructed intellectually a Village whose Inha Bilan is live a simple life based on subsistence agriculture each family was More or less Independent had its own House raised ils own livestock and made us own tools. There was no Craft specialization no evidence of organized Trade or of a social Hierarchy As recently As two years ago says Voigt we were still teaching Jarmo As being typical. Now it turns out Jarmo is locally atypical As a result says Redman an authority on the Rise of civilization we Veall begun to open our minds to believe that these people were More sophisticated than we used  Braidwood himself recognizes the reassessment that is going on and is himself contributing to it Tho whole thing has caught fire he says a Tot of people have gotten Inlo the act and this is Good. As More Sites come Inlo the record we be begun finding things that could t have been imagined  one of the Lisl developments to perplex some m the profession was evidence suggesting that the Early villagers May have been Healing and working meals Al least 3,000 years before it was supposed to happen in Voigli s words. One of the most intriguing finds came from an a Rheological site in Eastern Turkey called Cayou still Uno or excavation by a team headed by Braidwood and Hale Cambel of Turkey. There in a Village of 8,000 to 9,000 years ago. The learn has found Many pieces of Copper that had been hammered Inlo awls pins reamers Hooks and sheets. At another turkish Village Sile called Gri Lille soul Wesl of Cayou a team directed by or. Voigt has found lumps of Iron that also turned out to have been healed and one appeared to have been worked by hand around 7,500 Yoars ago. Iron was not used in any practical Way for another 3,500 years but the fact that prehistoric villagers experimented with it is considered evidence of an inquiring exploring attitude. In other excavations from this same period scholars have also found Strong evidence that the Village Economy had become specialized by Craft and that a marked division of labor had developed. At Neidha. In Jordan one House appear devoted to Bead making another to butchering another to Flint making. At Cayou a whole Quarter was devoted to making beads. Sunday december 28, 1986 the stars and stripes Page 13