European Stars and Stripes (Newspaper) - February 05, 1991, Darmstadt, Hesse                                Genetic Puzzle scientists report gains in understanding breast cancer Ltd by Natalie Angier new York times breast cancer is a Complex disease that simmers for years As one mutation after another hammers away at a breast cell and a. Gradually destroys All brakes on its growth. Now scientists report significant Progress in understanding two of the important Steps in the malevolent process a. A the inborn genetic defects that can set the stage for breast cancer  first place. A a the deadly moment when a tiny clump of tumor cells rests free of its confinement and begins to invade surrounding breast tissue and the bloodstream. Quot it May be too Early to Lay out a Clear orderly plan of How one goes from a Normal breast cell to a malignant breast cell Quot said or. William l. Mcguire professor of Medicine and chief of medical oncology at the University of Texas health science Center in san  but when you consider that it s a big Puzzle it s impressive that some pieces Are beginning to fall into  a a a a a ,. A. In a paper in the journal science researchers from the. University of California at Berkeley said they had discovered a Region on one chromosome that is strongly linked to the Early development of breast cancer., women who inherit a defect in this chromosomal spot have a High risk of contracting the cancer before the age of 45, and often will have the malignancy in both breasts the researchers said. A this familial form of breast cancer is relatively rare accounting for Only 5 percent of All cases but the researchers believe that by studying the chromosomal defect they will have a toehold in understanding breast cancer As a  they also said that within a couple of years tests might be available to Tell women who come from families with a High rate of Youthful breast cancer whether or. Not they have inherited the mutation. Those who test positive. May wish to redouble their vigilance against the cancer. Said the scientists. A a. Accompanying that paper in science is another study from geneticists at the University of Utah medical Center in Salt Lake City that reports evidence that an inborn susceptibility toward breast cancer of any Type and at any age May be More common than previously believed. The researchers have not. Yet found the genetic defect that could explain the More widespread Type of. A predisposition but they said women with the susceptibility trait were much More Likely to have. Proliferative breast disease a possible precursor to breast cancer than women without the inborn flaw. Quot in the Pas three months there a been a great leap Forward in information about genetic predisposition Quot toward breast cancer said or. Mark h. Skolnick the principal author of the second report in science. And in a paper in the current Issue of nature scientists from the Institute of biological chemistry of the. National Institute of medical research in Strasbourg. France have discovered a Gene that is switched on in the Normal cells surrounding an embryonic breast Turgor just before the Lump is preparing to infiltrate the neighbouring tissue. A or. Pierre Chambon Leaderer fhe French team reports that the Gene makes an enzyme that helps dissolve the tissue matrix keeping the cancerous Lump confined. Because the spread of cancer is the key to its lethality he says the enzyme could present an Ideal target for new therapies to Block the tumor at its most innocuous stage. A a a a a. A the new paper follow another recent report on an. Inborn flaw in a Gene called p53, which sets the stage for breast cancer and at least six other kinds of malignancy in families that suffer from an exceedingly rare disorder i Fra Mem syndrome. Considered together the new studies on breast. Cancer suggest that Many different kinds of inherited mutations May increase a woman a risk of breast cancer. -. A a a a a a a a a a. A a a a a a Quot the Bottom line is that there is going to be a Cluster of genes involved in the diversity of the hereditary forms of breast cancer Quot said or. Stephen h. Friend of Massachusetts general Hospital who reported on the p53 finding. A a a a a. Although the hereditary mutations May represent the first step in the evolution of the disease scientists say three to five other mutations in the breast cells must follow before full blown malignant cancer results. Those mutations May arise from environmental toxins High fat diet a Lack of sunlight or any number of factors that have been proposed As contributors to breast cancer. Whatever the causes the outcome is depressingly common about 10 percent of All american women will contract breast cancer at some Point in their lives and almost 30 percent of them will die of it. Genetic flaws at 2 Steps in breast cancer a duster of hereditary mutation of genes can sat the stage for breast cancer one inherited defect creates a High risk of breast cancer before the age of 4$. A flaw in Gene p53 sets the stage for breast cancer and six other Type in families with Ujj Fraumeni syndrome. Inborn susceptibility to breast cancer of any Type and at any age May be More common than previously believed a a it it healthy connective tissue Vav re researchers have also found a Gene that May be Central to the spread of cancer. It i switched on in the Normal cells around a breast tumor just before the Lump prepares to infiltrate the neighbouring tissue. The Gene makes an enzyme that helps dissolve the tissue matrix that confines the cancerous Lump so cells can escape to the bloodstream. The enzyme could be a target for Early therapy. Source nature not Ltd to our health \ _ Ink a a a. A \ v a v n it a. / a a s of x v it a a a fwd Xvi % a v a a Ltd Quot v it Salt. Swimming fat Chance to slim Down by Ira Dreyfuss associated press r running May be better than swimming at making you look Good in a bathing suit. Studies indicate that swimmers retain More fat than do runners. \. Both aerobic activities Burn calories so you can lose. Weight no  you choose provided you work out enough and watch what you eat. The question is which would be More efficient. Quot the swimmers lost less body fat than the runners a said Randall l. Smith an assistant professor of physical therapy at the University of Missouri Columbia who compared both activities. A. Smith recruited 31 sedentary but healthy Columbia y area men and women Ages 21_ to 50 who could run and swim. He split them into runners runners who dieted swimmers and swimmers who dieted. All exercisers worked out 30-60 minutes five Days a week for 10 weeks and kept detailed diaries of what they ate and drank. The Overall goal was to have everyone v lose 500 calories a week either by exercise alone,.or by. Splitting the loss equally Between diet and exercise. To make sure runners and swimmers worked with the same intensity so Smith could compare the activities As equals he monitored the amount of venous lactate a. Chemical waste product of exercise in their blood. Smith found that non dieting swimmers lost significantly less fat than did their running counterparts Quot the swimmers had slipped from an average of Over 29 percent to almost 27 percent while the runners had dropped from Over 28 percent to a  25 percent _ the diet and exercise groups also lost body fat but the difference Between them was not statistically significant Smith reported. A ,. When he looked for an explanation the researcher. Saw a difference in  ate. A. Quot we be noticed that people who swim Are a lot hungrier than runners after workouts Quot he said Quot in fact runners Don t have much of an appetite after finishing. Their workouts. Quot. The rum Only group lost an average of 366 calories while the swim Only group lost a Mere 81. Even the exercise and diet groups could t stick to the plan to Cut 250 calories he said. The run and diet exercisers ate 462 calories less per week while he swim and diet exercisers ate 317 calories less. Smith in t sure Why that is but he suspects that the swimmers bodies were trying to conserve fat stored in a their bodies and instead were burning carbohydrates. Other researchers have reported something similar. Quot it did seem like the swimmers burned More. Carbohydrates during swimming Quot survid Michael g. Flynn who studied 22 competitive runners  a people who did both while at the human performance Laboratory of Ball state University in Muncie ind. Quot but i m not willing to go out on a limb and say that s the. Difference.�?�. \. Flynn who is now an assistant professor of exercise science at the University of Toledo Ohio measured several components of blood the amount of glycerol. Which comes from the breakdown of fat. He. Found that  slightly More glycerol in their blood than did swimmers. People who swam and ran had More glycerol when they swam. A. Exactly Why swimmers would retain More Tat than runners is a mystery. But Peter Daland the head men s swimming coach at the University of Southern California speculates that the body might be trying to use the. Insulating effect of fat to offset the body s ability to Cool faster in water than in air. A stairway to fitness by Linell Smith Baltimore evening Sun although athletes have run stadium Steps. For decades  ready to proclaim Stair climbing As the. Aerobic exercise of the 1990s. Quot. More office workers Are choosing stairs instead of elevators. Aerobics classes Are swelling with those who would rather step up and Down on benches than dance to disco music. _ t _ perhaps most astonishing is the number of americans who Are climbing Stair machines in health clubs and at Home. A a. A. According to Tom Doyle of the National sporting goods association in Chicago sales figures for Stair climbing machines have increased faster than those of any other sporting goods product. Last year devotees bought 356,000 machines sales Tor 1990 Are projected at close to 800,000. Annual sales of exercise bicycles remain steady at about 2.5 million to 3 million machines walk into almost any fitness Center and you will see members waiting to use Stair climbing machines. Their popularity stems not Only from their aerobic benefits but also from their ability to Burn calories to tone the buttocks and thighs and to qualify As a Low Impact sport. A a get the Granddaddy of these machines is stairmaster an electro mechanical Stair climber introduced to fitness centers in 1986. Often compared to the Nautilus exercise machinery Tor its innovative design stairmaster has pedals that move up and Down As the exerciser Steps on them. Different Levels of resistance intensify the workout. The machine also provides a computer readout based on the persons weight of the number of calories expended during the exercise. _. A Quot it s the Only kind of cardiovascular exercise machine that s weight bearing which Means More calorie. Expenditure Quot says Jeff Smith director of the downtown athletic club fitness Center in Baltimore. Quot at the same time there a no Impact absorbed by the body. You have the same intensity of exercise but none of the trauma you can get from running or heavy Impact  it appears that the machines May become As Standard in american fitness clubs As showers. Quot Stair climbing machines Are the hottest thing on the Market today a says Cheryl Atkins   Greenspring lifestyle Center in Baltimore Quot women in particular Are very concerned about the area Between the Waist and the Knees and the machines work Well on Quot that and they Burn a lot of calories in a Short amount of . A Atkins says that Stair climbers used properly often provide More rigorous workouts than other aerobic a machines such As stationary bicycles. Quot i see a lot of people us bikes at the lower resistance Levels and read on therr while they re biking the Stair machines really keep people moving Huff without puff which exercises Benefit most by Donna Raskin new York times regular exercisers from Tennis players to aerobic dancers typically spend an hour hulling and putting through their allotted fitness routine. Many people think. That anything less just Isnit a workout and anything. A More cuts into the rest of their lives. A a but How Many hours a week provides the optimum workout and what kind of exercise will  Overall level of fitness a. In 1990, the american College of sports Medicine revised its 1978 position paper detailing physical til Ness recommendations for adults _ the group is the nations leading sports an exercise research organization gathering statistics and data to set guidelines Lor the Public As Well As _ professional and Amateur athletes Reg Aydiny healthy and effective ways to stay in shia e. The latest guidelines Are a train three to five Days a week. ,. A exercise at an intensity level of 60 to 90 percent. Of maximum heart rate or 50 to 80 percent of maximum oxygen Uptake or maximum heart rat Reserve. A a exercise at your maximum heart rate level for at least 20 to 60 minutes each session it is also recommended that non athletes exercise at lower intensities Tor longer periods to guard against injury. A exercise should be rhythmical and aerobic using Large muscle groups. Examples walking jogging bicycling rowing and Stair climbing. A resistance training done with or without weights at moderate intensity to maintain fat free weight should not be considered an aerobic exercise. One. Set of eight to 12 repetitions of eight to 10 exercises that condition the major muscle groups should be. Performed at least two Days a week. A the important addition of resistance training that. Is the use of free weights weight machines or calisthenic to increase or maintain muscular _ strength and endurance is perhaps the most a significant finding in the 12 years Between the publication of the position papers. Quot we followed runners for 10 years and found they were wasting away on top Quot said ,. Director of the Center for exercise science at the. University of Florida and chairman of the subcommittee reviewing the position paper Quot we cite studies in which runners who did t practice upper body training were found to have an Overall loss of muscle mass. People require strength training in order to maintain an Active life style Quot while the  refer to being Able to do medium to difficult physical tasks without becoming too fatigued and maintaining that ability throughout Lite it is also noted that adults can still positively affect their general healt with less exercise. A \ Page 14 a the stars and stripes tuesday february 5,1991 the stairs and stripes Page 15