European Stars and Stripes (Newspaper) - November 1, 1991, Darmstadt, Hesse                                Physics of Beer bubbles by Lee Siegel a science writer consider the Beer Bubble one of life a simple pleasures a a Frothy Glass of Beer a contains incredibly complicated physical Phenomena according to scientists who studied How bubbles form and Rise in the malt beverage. Quot you might think that in the several millennia that Beer has been with us we would already have Learned All there was to know about this curious brew a Stanford University chemists Neil Shafer and Richard Zare wrote in the cover Story for the october Issue of physics today Magazine Quot yet a Glass of Beer reveals a remarkable interplay among gases liquids and solids temperature pressure and Gravity a an interplay that is still not completely understood Quot they said. Quot once you begin to learn about the nature of Beer bubbles you will never again look at a Glass of Beer in quite the same Way Quot Zare said his curiosity was inspired by a Friend who asked How Beer bubbles work Quot and i  Stop thinking about it every time i drank a Glass of  the chemists also conducted a limited study of Champagne bubbles Quot but it s a More expensive form of research Quot Zare said. Complex mathematical formulas fill the article but some explanations May be coherent even to non scientists a Why do bubbles form in Beer which contains Carbon dioxide Gas produced during fermentation Quot visible bubbles begin As invisible clusters of Micro bubbles of Carbon dioxide molecules that grow in rough spots on the inside of the Glass called a nucleation Sites a where the Carbon dioxide molecules can attach themselves and coalesce Quot Shafer and Zare explained. A in fact the formation of Beer bubbles is very similar to the formation of rain Clouds in which rain droplets grow on dust particles Quot they said. A that a Why you can make your Beer Bubble even More by tossing in a few grains of sugar or Salt. A Why do the bubbles Rise Quot the answer of course is that the density of a Carbon dioxide Bubble is less than the density of the surrounding Beer Quot the chemists said. A Why do bubbles grow larger often doubling in size As they Rise in the Glass Quot bubbles accumulate Carbon dioxide As they ascend through the Beer. In other words bubbles act As nucleation centers for themselves Quot Shafer and Zare wrote. A Why do bubbles Speed up As they Rise Quot As a Bubble rises it encounters resistance or  but As a Bubble grows the drag Force increase slower than the Quot buoyancy Force Quot which increases in proportion to the Bubble s volume. A Why does a head of foam form Beer contains natural and added substances called surfactants. Similar a Toothy Glass of boar involves incredibly complicated physics. Organic matter on the Ocean s surface help create whitecaps on the top of Waves. A Why does Beer go Flat the bubbles escape into the air if Beer is left in an opened Container. Zare said no Federal government Money was spent on the be car research. Stanford has been the target of Federal investigators recently because of misuse of government research  action Lin dental care limited for family members Kcf. A since january 1991,1 have needed to get two cavities filled and my child has needed to get one cavity filled. Between january and March this was impossible due t9 Manning shortages brought on by desert storm. Alter the War i have attempted to get appointments through Ramstein Lan Stuhl and Sembach dental clinics to no Avail. The appointment clerks have informed me that the Only Way dependents could get the problems corrected is that the dependents must come into the clinic at 7 . And wait until 3. . For a cancellation opening. Of there is not a cancellation during that time the dependents can then be scheduled for an appointment. A two other options Are also available the dependents can report to sick Call at 7 . And get the problems resolved that Way or the Active duty member can schedule an appointment Tor themselves and then Call and cancel the appointment when the dependents Are already on stand by. I am a self sponsored department of the air Force civilian married to an Active duty military member. As part of his Benefit program dependents Are authorized Basic dental and medical care. Basic dental care includes routine Check ups yearly cleaning and filling cavities i cannot afford to take a full Day s leave nor have my child out of school for an entire Day with Only Hopes of getting the problem resolved nor am i prone to using deception to get the problem corrected. Must we wait until the cavities further degenerate and become real problems before we can be seen by a dentist Why does it appear that we Are treated like fourth rate citizens overseas Why can to the dependents use champs in situations like these my suggestion is to open up champs to cover care when care cannot be provided. During budget and Manning constraints situations become trying for everyone however Basic care should never be placed so far Down the priority list that no care can be provided. If the current system is not working or the system can be improved then that system should change. Charlene Bossert Watkins Ramstein a Germany it col. James a. Howard command dental surgeon office of the command surgeon Safe replies no one shares your frustration of limited family member dental care More than the dental personnel assigned to Safe. It would be wonderful to be Able to provide unlimited dental care to ail beneficiaries. To fully appreciate Why this is not feasible you must first understand that our primary task is to support the readiness Mission of Active duty personnel by ensuring optimal Oral health and keeping them dentally qualified Tor worldwide duty. Base dental clinics Are staffed based on the Active duty population and must maintain ready Access to dental care for that population. Thus we have a limited resource that must be carefully managed keeping our Mission in mind. In spite of this last year 33 percent of Safe dentistry was performed for family members it is important to clarify that dental care is authorized for family members on a space available basis after the needs of the Active Force Are met. This availability is determined locally based upon the staffing facilities and Mission requirements of each base. Most air Force clinics provide an annual examination and prophylaxis cleaning for eligible family members. Dental emergencies Are treated immediately 24 hours a Day. Many of our dental facilities use a Quot standby system to provide Access for other than Active duty. Standby opportunities for routine dental care Are treated when a regularly scheduled patient either cancels or Breaks an appointment. Fill in patients Are then taken from a standby waiting list based on order of sign up the time available and the amount and kind of treatment needed champs does not provide coverage for dental care dependent dental program insurance is available in the United states but not overseas. The air Force has strongly encouraged its use especially by those scheduled to go overseas where dental care is so limited. We have attempted to include information in All sponsor packages on the limitations of dental care in Safe. We realize that this situation is not Ideal but we Are strongly committed to providing As much dental care for our family members As congressional limitations  write us readers action line is the readers a court of last resort Quot striving to answer some of the questions about life overseas in a military environment or questions about policies and guidelines when other avenues for answers Are not readily available. If you have a question and Don t know where to turn Tor the answer write to readers action line co the stars and stripes. Apo 09211-4211. All letters must be signed and preference will be Given to those seeking information of general interest to our readers. Page 16 a the stars and stripes Friday november 1, 1991