European Stars and Stripes (Newspaper) - September 11, 1967, Darmstadt, Hesse                              The Navy s of frs submarine me Holland joined Fleet in 1900 Henry Clay is one of Fleet of 41 nuclear missile Craft. Niin Ting of Confederate submarine Hunley which Sank Union gunboat off Charleston in 1864. Space is at a Premium but recreational facilities Are a morale Booster. A from hand Crank to atomic Power grouper is conventional diesel electric sub used for research. By Marc Huet is Washington Bureau less than a Century ago Jules Verne in his novel Twenty thou Sand leagues under the sea vividly expressed Man s dream of mastering the Ocean Depths. Today most of his fantasies have been matched by reality in part due to the foresight of inventors and Brave sailors who dared to venture beneath the sea i what at times were quaint and often dangerous Craft. Down through history Man has been interested in the Depths for research and exploration and As a Means of con trolling the surface. As the greek naval hero Themistocles put it some 2,500 years ago he who commands the sea has command of  a Century ago the Confederate Navy made history when for the first time submarine Sank a warship the Union s Housatonic during the civil War. Like Many Early submarines the Confederate s h. L. Hunley had a habit of sink ing when it was supposed to remain on the surface. It was built from an old boiler and propelled by sailors Crank ing the propeller Shaft. The Hunley foundered at least four times during the War with a loss of More than 30 lives but accomplished her Mission and mad history in 1864, although it Sank with the Housatonic. It was t until the turn of the cent Ryand the development of new forms of Power that submarines came into wide use. Simon Lake and John p. Holland led in developing Early submarines an their Early boats revolutionized naval warfare. Holland s gasoline and Battery powered Craft became the Holland the first submarine to join the . Navy in 1900. The ship had a single torpedo  Lake Holland s chief rival two years later came up yith a submarine called the protector with three torpedo tubes plus a gun in her conning Tower. Lake failed to interest the . Navy in his ship and he sold it to Russia for use in the Russo japanese War. It was t until world War i that sub marines or More specifically Germany boats made their Mark by attempting to blockade the British Isles. In april 1917 a boats Sank 444 ships totalling nearly 1million tons in the Atlantic even though the British Navy controlled the seas. A boat successes were met by the con Voy system used through the end of world War i and in world War ii.. Submarines made their contribution in both wars and a Quarter of Century ago helped to sweep the Pacific Clear of japanese  s submarines operate on the same Basic principles used by Lake an Holland. They still fire torpedoes but with improved homing devices that guide them to their targets. Now they also fire sub Marine rockets called sub Rocs to sin enemy submarines while both Friend and foe Are hidden in the Depths. With nuclear Power and nuclear missiles however the similarity ends. The 41 ships of the Polaris missile flee now carry More destructive Power in each of their 16 missiles than All the Force that was unleashed by All the guns cannons air planes and ships on both sides in world War ii. These under water missile platforms can hit targets with accuracy from 1,725 to 2,880 Miles away. Making these 425-foot nuclear ships As stable As a land missile base taxed the ability of naval engineers and scientists. This was one of the toughest problem they faced since a submarine is control led through a combination of rudders an planes somewhat like the wings of an air plane and ballasting. To Rise or descend the boat must take in or Force out tons of water ballast. Ballast in Man parts of the ship is continually being changed to maintain trim. An elaborate sensing and control sys tem was developed to coordinate Al parts of the Complex mechanism in a delicate  these undersea Craft habitable Page 12 1he stars and stripes monday september 11, 1967 making these 425-foot nuclear ships As stable As a land missile base taxed the ability of naval engineers and scientists tvs stars and strikes for 140 men during Long underwater patrols of up to two months was another problem. The Crew occupies Only some 25 per cent of the total space. Again engineers went to work an came up with compact equipment As effective As much larger gear on land or on surface ships. The submarine s galleys not much larger than the average suburban Kitchen Are organized to store prepare and serve More than 800 full meals or snacks every Day. Compact equipment distills10,000 Gallons of drinking water daily and laundries pianos and ice Cream machines Are adapted to the limited space. Even sleep was a design problem. The difference of seven inches in the space Between the bunks now lets Crew men loss and turn normally to rest tired Muscles. Although submariners on patrol Are rarely More than a few feet from an operational nuclear reactor shielding is so effective sailors absorb less total Radia Tion than they would under Normal sur face conditions. Nuclear engines need no air but the Crew still depend on oxygen to survive. An average Man takes in about 2 pounds of oxygen a Day and exhales about 24pounds of Carbon dioxide. In the sealed sub the air would quickly become Poison Ous were it not for a complicated process of remaking the stale air. Enough air conditioning to Cool Small town dissipates the heat generated by men and machinery and at the end of a ions patrol the air aboard a missile submarine is cleaner than that of tie average american City. Page 13