European Stars And Stripes (Newspaper) - July 29, 1988, Darmstadt, Hesse                                Hydrogen space plane off the future the proposed aerospace plane shown in artist s rendering would fuelled by clean renewable Hydrogen rather than Fossil fuels. Some aviation designers believe that More prosaic planes could one Day Benefit from Hydrogen fuelled engines As Well. Besides providing powerful thrust liquid Hydrogen would Cool aerospace plane s skin. To avoid Contact Between the Ultra cold liquid Hydrogen and the plane s skin the liquid Hydrogen could Cool liquid nitrogen that would circulate through skin panels. Not clean Hydrogen beckons aviation engineers by Malcolm w. Browne new York times v virtually unnoticed abroad except by aviation experts a recent broadcast by soviet television showed an Ordinary looking Airliner roaring aloft from a Moscow Are Airport leaving a Trail of steam instead of the usual kerosene smoke. Despite the flight s Lack of Public attention in the West aerospace engineers in the United states recognized it As a Milestone in aviation marking the first time a commercial Airliner had flown powered by Hydrogen rather than by Petroleum based Jet fuel. The event has prompted renewed Calls for a Hydrogen fuel program in the untied states. Sen spark m. Matsunaga a Democrat from Hawaii has Long advocated the exploitation of Hydrogen a Gas that can be generated from water using solar Energy Ocean Thermal Power and other renewable Energy sources in an interview he compared the flight of the Hydrogen powered soviet Airliner in april to the launching of sputnik in 1957. Once again we be missed the boat he said and we can Only Hope that the next administration will be More interested in Hydrogen than this one has  in fact Hydrogen will Power the National aerospace plane a hybrid air plane and spacecraft that is scheduled to make its first flight in 1994. The plane described by president Reagan in his 1986 state of the Union address would be capable of flying within the atmosphere using Hydrogen fuelled air breathing Jet engines and in space using pure rocket engines. The president dubbed it the Orient express since in theory it could Fly from Washington to Tokyo in two hours but Matsunaga and others argue that Hydrogen Power should be developed for Ordinary air planes As Well. The inevitable depletion of Oil and the urgent need to curb pollution of the atmosphere will make the widespread use of Hydrogen fuel imperative they contend. The first test flight of the Hydrogen powered soviet aircraft took place on april 15. Soviet aerospace officials have disclosed few details of its propulsion system. The aircraft created at the renowned design Bureau of Aleksei Tupoljev and designated As the to 155, is a modified version of the three engine to 154 transport which entered service with Aeroflot two decades ago. It is comparable in size and appearance to the Boeing 727. Moscow disclosed that a special fuel tank installed in the aft part of the plane s Cabin had been engineered to hold liquid Hydrogen at a temperature below minus 423 degrees fahrenheit. As the liquid is warmed it boils into Hydrogen Gas which is ducted to the combustion Chambers of a Turbojet engine. Combining with oxygen from the air the Hydrogen Burns with intense heat producing a powerful thrust. Tupoljev was quoted by soviet officials As calling the to 155 s Hydrogen Power Plant an absolutely ecologically pure  when Hydrogen Burns in air the combustion product consists entirely of steam. By contrast the exhaust of a conventional Jet engine contains various toxic pollutants As Well As Carbon dioxide a Gas contributing to the global Green House  soviet reports did not specify engines were fuelled with Hydrogen. American experts speculated however that the Airliner might have burned conventional fuel in at least one engine in Case the Hydrogen system failed. The soviet announcement said the main purpose in building the to 155 had been to show that Hydrogen would be a practical aviation fuel As world supplies of Petroleum dwindle. Hydrogen Power for air planes was pioneered in the United states. From 196 to 1959, the National aeronautics and space administration experimented with a two engine b-57 Jet bomber with one engine modified to Fly on liquid Hydrogen supplied from a Wing tip tank. On a series of flight tests a Curtiss Wright j-65 engine successfully powered the plane using both Hydrogen and conventional Jet fuel. The destructive potential of Hydrogen a highly combustible fuel was spectacularly demonstrated in the explosion of the space shuttle challenger two years ago and in the 1937 crash of the Airship Hindenburg. But the main objection to liquid Hydrogen fuel is its Cost. Usually derived from natural Gas liquid Hydrogen costs nearly three times As much As Jet fuel. Aviation authorities believe that Only when the Price of Jet fuel rises to about four times its current level or when Hydrogen is proportionately cheaper will Hydrogen become attractive As a fuel for commercial airliners. Battling software sabotage 16 the stars and stripes by the associated press sophisticated weapon system computers Are vulnerable to viruses just like business and personal computers but efforts to fight such software sabotage Are barely beyond the planning stages. Viruses actually Small strings of computer code can be secretly inserted into software programs where they May lie dormant for months or years before causing computers and the weapons they help control to go haywire. Software attack often Best carried out with the Aid of Well placed insiders is emerging As a coherent new Type 01 systematic offensive warfare Scott a. Boorman a Yale University sociology professor and Paul r. Levitt a mathematician wrote recently in the military electronics journal signal. It can be waged far removed in space and time from any Battlefield to affect not Only combat outcomes but also peacetime balances of Power they wrote. It can strike key civilian targets such As electronic funds Transfer other financial and data communications air traffic control systems and even Friday july 29, 1988 the vote tallying machinery at the heart of the democratic  tactics that can be used to disrupt computer operations include viruses which clone themselves to spread to other computers Trojan horses which look and act like Normal programs but contain hidden commands logic bombs with remain inactive until a certain result in computation and time  the National Security Agency based at fort Meade md., is responsible for safeguarding the Security of . Government computer systems. It has set up a National computer Security Center to help the military defense contractors and other companies Cope with software warfare. Michael Harrison a computer science professor at the University of California at Berkeley said the Center has developed criteria for trusted computer system evaluation. This is a practical attempt to decide what systems Are More trustworthy than  he Boorman and Levitt All said much More needs to be done to develop effective technical countermeasures and to Alert military commanders As Well As civilian managers. They re making some Progress but there s so much further to go Harrison said