European Stars and Stripes (Newspaper) - December 7, 1993, Darmstadt, Hesse                                Focus that certain smile can it Spur response in the brain by Jqhn Schwartz the Washington Post a by Good poker player knows that there is More than one kind of smile and can distinguish from across a table the Grin of someone who s holding a flush from the miserable smile of someone who s been dealt a Quot Lousy band. We see the world and react our faces a rear projection screen for our emotions. But can feelings work in the other d i Section ? can the expressions on of r faces spark feelings instead of the other Way a around of recent psychological research suggests that they can voluntarily making a certain kind of smile triggers Sorrie of the same physiological responses in the brain that have been associated with positive feelings. Perhaps As the old song says there Are smiles that make you Happy. But not every smile. Many expressions Are lumped together under the name but they differ in minute yet significant ways. Some of those distinctions were described by the 19th Century French neurologist Guillaume Benjamin Amand ouch nne de Boulogne who detailed the role of each of the More than 100 Muscles in the face. The most sincere deeply Felt smile according to Duchenne results from the simultaneous contraction of two muscle groups the Zygo Matic major Muscles which tug the sides of the Mouth and the Orbicular is Oculi Muscles which Circle the Eye. The fake smile of Quot Che Eseese Quot Fame exercises the Zygo Matic alone when the a Eye Muscles kick in they produce Crow s feet and a slight Droop in the skin directly above the eyes a the Mark of pleasure. As Duchenne put it Quot the first obeys the will but the second is Only put in play by the Sweet emotions of the  a Small group of modern researchers is poes Smi unc make you feb. Better if has Long been obvious that certain mental states Joy sadness anger produce various kinds of facial but can the process work in reverse that is will smiling make a person Happy and if so Riff Only a certain kind a smile do  team set out to answer those questions by taking Electroencephalogram dec of subjects while they voluntarily produced different foetal express to right temporal Tat top Taw of brain occipital Tot -0.3 �?�0.4 �?�0.5 �?�0.5 Oue Honna Ottar Amita  the Reg Jet a old skim at Tow Interior temporal lot of the str tits Alph wives m an Daud with quiet rat jul  in the my Sefc Whf lbt Vanl hit a Wiki cwt. Athe9th-Cantury French neurologist Guill Surry Benjamin Amand Duchenne a Boulogne defined the characteristic of to Smiy Joyful smile As combining tha contraction of ban Muscles tha. Zygo Matic Malor which extends diag Natty from tha ear Down to tha Mouth and is used to elevate tha lip and tha Orbicular is Oculi which and ides the Eye and causes a Crow s foot wrinkles in tha skin. Smilas involving both Musci Nara said to have Oti Channa s Market. Wear chert asked subjects to form two kinds o so has one using Only the Zygo Matic muscle the other using both Muscles of Duchenne Marker he manured their brain activity during tha test. A1 a. A a a a a 1 1 1 7. R Whan tha data Wara compared Only tha Duchanno Sulla showed a substantial increase in activation in tha front part of tha it temporal  same pattern has bean seen in various eeg studies of positive emotions for example in Tebie who Are approached by their mothers and is to Nett to indicate Happ Naal 7-7-1 a pfc Ivy 1 building on Duchenne s work. One psychologist Paul Ekman of the human interaction lab at the University of. California at san Francisco developed a system for Reading the emotions behind facial expressions with colleague Wallace v. Friesen in the 1970s. Ekman has dubbed the sincerely Happy smile _ Quot Duchenne s  Ekman and colleagues have since shown that Duchenne s smile shows up often when people watch pleasant films of puppies gambling in Flowers and the like. They also showed subjects unpleasant sights such As Quot quite gruesome Quot films for nurse training that depict Burn victims and amputations. Those viewing the gruesome films sometimes smiled but they were the expressions of people trying to appear As if they were feeling All right Ekman said. Few of those smiles showed the Duchenne characteristics. The electroencephalography of such subjects confirmed a link Between Duchenne s smile and positive emotions. The Happy smiles showed increased activity in the front of the brain a specifically in the left Anterior temporal Region of the cortex. That physiological change has been seen for example in babies who Are approached by their  and psychologist Richard Davidson of the University of Wisconsin at Madison then decided to test whether people who were asked to make facial expressions voluntarily that imitated Duchenne s Marker could trigger the same physiological reactions that spontaneous Good feelings did. They found 14 University of Wisconsin undergraduates who could learn to contract the Orbicular is Oculi Muscles a a fairly rare skill a at the same time they. Were flexing the Zygo Matic. The students legs bore out the. Researchers hypothesis the patterns of brain activity for spontaneous Duchenne smiles and the deliberate Duchenne imitations were clearly similar. The results. Of the Experiment were published recently in the journal psychological science. The researchers concluded Quot our results to Washington Post suggest it May be possible for an individual to choose when to generate some of the physiological changes that occur during a spontaneous emotion a by simply making a facial  does Ekman s work with grins indicate that Quot smile therapy Quot could be on the Way perhaps not. Because the students who were tested started from an emotionally Neutral state Ekman said it is impossible at this Point to say if smiling could lift someone out of the dumps. Quot All you can really say is if you re. Feeling sort of blah or Neutral you can Start another emotion going Quot Ekman said. Quot if you be got an emotion you re trying to get rid of we can t really Tell you if that will . This Winter Ekman and Davidson Hope to test their findings on other emotional states. Following the Lead of the . Marine corps which orders its recruits to Grimace and Roar during Boot Camp training the researchers will try turning on the physiology of aggression through facial expression. They will also explore fear disgust and sadness Ekman  results put wider test of aids vaccines on hold by news Day plans to test possible aids vaccines in Large numbers of . Volunteers will be delayed at least until the end of 1994, Federal officials say because of deeply disappointing results in recent Small scale tests the potential vaccines had seemed to work against special strains of the aids virus cultivated in the Laboratory. But in recent tests All but one of the vaccines failed to stimulate immune responses against real life strains of the virus. The exception a vaccine developed by United biomedical inc. Of Hauppauge n.y., has been shown to work in Only one person so far with promising but incomplete results in two others. Quot Only the ubi people have reported that result Quot said Dani Bolognesi director of the Center for aids research at Duke University>1edical Center. Quot that needs to be confirmed Quot Bolognesi said his Center will now test ubi s vaccine. Quot it makes sense to pause Quot said or Anthony Fauci head of the National Institute of allergy and infectious diseases in explaining his Agency s decision not to begin Large scale tests now. Quot my first responsibility is to the health of the american  Fauci said his Agency and the vaccine manufacturers will determine whether the fault lies Wilh the testing technology or with the v vaccines themselves Quot a lot of tabs Are trying to sort this out but until we have the data we can t say Quot said Bolognesi whose research Center will test All government sponsored experimental aids vaccines. Quot i m very encouraged by the number of people attacking this problem. We i work hard to determine if this is a Snag that can be unravelled so that we can get Back on  to that end government and company scientists will Confer and come up with plans to retest the vaccines and the assays the measures used to assess their effectiveness. But said Bolognesi Quot it s a Tough problem Quot that won t be solved in time to begin Large scale human tests next year. The Agency has said it will reconsider the testing situation this Spring when it has More data. In these tests thousands of non infected volunteers from High risk groups would be vaccinated. Researchers would test their immune responses and would wait to see Over time whether they were less Likely to get infected than a similar group that got no vaccine. The tests w Ould be sponsored by n1aid, which runs the Federal vaccine research Effort. Fauci said his concern was that if such volunteers got inadequately tested vaccine some might end up getting infected Quot if we went ahead with the trials Quot he said and it made the vaccines worse you could imagine the phone Calls Quot and Public outcry. 20 the stars and stripes tuesday december 7,1993