European Stars and Stripes (Newspaper) - November 17, 1985, Darmstadt, Hesse                                Harry Truman flanked by soviet Premier Josef Stalin and Britain Winston Churchill in left dam Germany 7945. Relations into the deepest freeze since the Early 1960s. The first Summit after world War ii was like most of the wartime meetings a gig four gathering. Ten years Afler the Potsdam conference president Dwight Eisenhower soviet prime minister Nikolai Bulga Nln. British prime minister Anthony Eden and French Premier Edgar Faure met july 18-21, 1955, in the palais Des nations in Geneva. They discussed German reunification disarmament and East West relations. No agreements were reached. The russians suspicious about letting East and West Germany reunite insisted that an Overall european Security agreement had to come first. The Issue continued to fester for years. Eisenhower offered a plan for the Exchange of detailed military information including open skies verification of military bases by Aerial photography. Bulgarin did t turn it Down but later said inspection would have to include . Bases All Over the world a proviso that he did not think Host countries would agree to. But everyone went Home saying tensions had been eased and there were increased Trade and cultural contacts in the months that followed. Four Yar later the first of the one on one . Soviet leaders meetings that have replaced the Multi Power summits was held at Camp David the presidential Retreat in Maryland. Eisenhower and Elk la Khrushchev the soviet Premier met sept. 25-27 and worked out several agreements including the withdrawal of a russian ultimatum that threatened West Berlin s Independence. They agreed to reopen talks on Berlin and to seek peaceful settlement of All outstanding International questions including disarmament. Those meetings capped an unprecedented 13-Day Cross country tour of the United states by the soviet Leader that included a major appearance at the United nations where Khrushchev proposed a total world disarmament plan. On May 1. 1960. Soviet air defense Crews fired a new missile at an object about 13 Miles above Sverdlovsk shooting Down both an american u2 spy plane and the next scheduled Summit conference which was to begin May 16 in Paris. The United states first claimed the u2 was a weather plane but the russians had the Pilot. Francis Gary Powers who parachuted into their arms and confessed his real Mission. When Eisenhower showed up in Paris to meet with Khrushchev British prime minister Harold Macmillan and French president Charles de Gaulle the russian said he would not sit Down with Ike without an apology and punishment of those responsible for the u2 flights. The 1960 Summit collapsed after one session. The met Summit my Tang was held june 3-4 the following year in Vienna. It was an abrasive confrontation Between Khrushchev and the new american president John f. Kennedy. Khrushchev seeking to take advantage of Kennedy still fresh Bay of pigs humiliation tried to browbeat it american on the festering question of divided Berlin going so far As to threaten War. They managed to Salvage an agreement on the neutralization of Laos then the indochinese hot spot. Kennedy later called it a very sober two  Khrushchev reportedly was emboldened enough by his assessment of Kennedy at Vienna to try to put soviet missiles into Cuba in 1962. Kennedy s Tough response in turn humiliated Khrushchev and started him on a slide toward involuntary retirement. It was to be six years before the next Summit where the players were new the situation tense and the locale unusual. In june 1967. Israel and its Arab neighbors went to War for the third time. The israelis captured the entire Sinai Peninsula from Egypt the West Bank of the Jordan River Iron Jordan and the Golan Heights from Syria. The United nations arranged a truce but the soviet Union demanded that the in insist that Israel return its conquests. Soviet Premier Alexei Kosygin Fiew to new York to make the Case against Israel in. Person. President Lyndon Johnson sent word he would like to meet with Kosygin. The russian did t want to come to Washington the american did t want to go to new York. They split the difference descending for two Days of meetings june 23 and 25, on the Campus of Little Glassboro stale College about half Way Between the two cities on the new Jersey Turnpike. They got along passably but disagreed on the Mideast and on . Military involvement in Vietnam although they had agreed weeks earlier in the first use of the Washington Moscow hotline to stay out of the Arab israeli conflict. They did move toward agreement on non proliferation of nuclear weapons which resulted in .-soviet submission of a treaty to the in a Short time later. The next Summit May 22-29, 1972, brought the word detente into the language when president Richard Nixon went to Moscow the first visit of an american president to Russia. Treaties came Down like Spring rain during the trip. The main agreements were the first Salt and anti balls Lac missile treaties pacts on space health and environmental cooperation and a statement of principle designed to promote peaceful coexistence or detente. Kosygin was still Premier but communist party Leader Leonid Brezhnev was running the soviet show. For Nixon the trip was a Triumph of diplomacy and politics overshadowing the Battle for the 1972 democratic presidential nomination and after his earlier trip to China giving him a huge boost toward re election. Thirteen months later Brezhnev visited the United states meeting Nixon at Camp David and at san Clemontz calif., to sign a treaty pledging both countries to avoid nuclear War and agreements on oceanography agricultural research transportation and cultural exchanges. The june 18-26, 1973, Summit was another diplomatic Success but this time National attention was diverted by another developing drama the Senate hearings on the watergate scandal were about to Start. By the toll of 1974, Nixon was out and Gerald Ford represented the United states in a meeting with Brezhnev at Vladivostok a siberian port no american had visited in 52 years. The nov. 22-24 Summit at the end of a far Eastern tour by Ford yielded an interim nuclear missile limitation agreement that led to the Salt ii treaty and Carter Brezhnev Summit of 1979, the last time soviet and . Leaders have sat Down together trying to Avert the global conflict that Albert Einstein once said would make the weapons of world War in stones and  17.1085 the stars and stripes Page 15