European Stars and Stripes (Newspaper) - November 4, 1990, Darmstadt, Hesse                                Science Page 18funding crunch could end string of Nobel prize Malcolm Gladwell Washington Post presentation of this years Nobel prizes was a great time for american science. All but one of nine academic winners were , and All were products of . Universities. But at a time when american science is facing its worst funding crisis since world War ii this years nobels were also an occasion for melancholy. As is the Nobel custom the awards were for work done 20 and 30 years ago when american science was at its Zenith. Few feel the work being done today in the sciences will fare As Well. Indeed for Many the 40-Ycar dominance of the prizes by the United states a during which time 30 of the 65 cited for chemistry were . Scientists As were 61 of the 95 cited in Medicine and 47 of the 87 in physics a is nearing an end. A the period in which my colleagues and i carried out these experiments we refer to As the Golden age a said Henry Kendall of the Massachusetts Institute of technology who shared this years physics prize for work done in the late 1960s. A we have Long since regarded it As  a the gloom comes out of looking at Washington and saying this is absurd Quot said Harvard biologist Walter Gilbert a 1980 Nobel laureate. Quot the strength of american science has been due to an enlightened government policy Over the past 30 years. That compact has now been destroyed. We no longer have a government that believes it has a responsibility to create new knowledge for the Benefit of  scientists Are hardly objective on the subject of their own funding needs. The Best scientists at the Best schools a those who tend to win Nobel prizes a continue to get handsome research Grants and the total allotment for . Research continues to Rise a although not by As much As scientists would like. In fact the size and wealth of the . Research establishment continues to Dwarf that of the rest of the world. Still the depth of pessimism among those on whom the country a scientific future depends has opened a serious debate about How Well research funding is being managed. What was it about the american system that caused the extraordinary flowering of Genius Over the past 40 years and Are scientists Correct in assuming that that intangible Quality is imperilled by funding cutbacks the Success of the . Scientific Community in winning awards like the Nobel has its roots in the country a postwar Prosperity which enabled the United states to devote enormous resources to science at a time when its chief competitor a Europe a was rebuilding from the War. After 1957, when the soviet Union launched the first Man made Earth satellite a Panicky United states sharply increased its funding of science. The resource Rich United states not Only developed its scientific Talent but became a Magnet for the rest of the worlds most creative researchers. Among those who came Here As refugees from hitlers Europe alone were eight Nobel laureates and four who would go on to win prizes. Numerous others have come since 19 of the 62 . Laureates in Medicine since the end of world War ii for example were born elsewhere. Many scientists also believe that the culture of . Academe and the organization of research has Lent itself ideally to creative groundbreaking work. In the United states researchers in a Given discipline tend to be scattered at Many different institutions and not just at government funded research academies As they Are in Europe. And research Grants Are made not to institutions but to individuals. As a result . Researchers tend to be Able to pursue their own ideas at a younger age a crucial consideration Given that most prize winning scientists tend to do their Best work during their late 20s and Early 30s. In addition the diversity of the . Scientific establishment with scores of competing institutions and dozens of sources of Money permits the exploration of ideas that would be too far fetched or risky for a More conservative system. And it is the seemingly far fetched ideas that often result in award winning work. Many scientists say however that the funding crunch imperils the ability of the system to continue to Reward the Young and the idiosyncratic a that aspect that has proved so attractive to the rest of the world and so adept at encouraging brilliance. If researchers Are Able to receive funding for Only traditional projects it will be bad news for the United states a and the rest of the world. At a glance any questions0 a is it True that an hour or sleep before Midnight is Worth two hours of sleep after Midnight a no because sleep Isnit that simple a says Charles Poliak head of the sleep Wake disorder Center of new York Hospital comely medical centers Westchester division in White Plains . In fact he said the hour of rising is probably much More important in keeping sleep cycles Normal. Individuals go through a series of periods of rapid Eye Tutov Eisent or Rem sleep and non Rem sleep Poliak said and both kinds Are needed. There is no evidence that you need More of one than the other he said but you do get most of the non Rem sleep in the first three to four hours of sleep and most of the Rem sleep after that. Poliak said the amounts of different kinds of sleep Are determined by when within a sleep Cycle a person goes to bed and gets up. The second half of the night is crucial in setting the rhythm of sleep. A getting up in the morning is the most important act of the Day that keeps our biological clocks keeping the right time a Poliak said. A it resets the  what Are the strings in a banana for a the prominent bundles running the length of a banana Are part of the vascular system expanding to Cany nourishment while the banana develops and helping to strengthen the Peel tissues according to botanical reference works. By the time you Peel a banana the strings function is Over and they shrink leaving Marks in the flesh. New York times to plus sunday november 4,1990