European Stars and Stripes (Newspaper) - June 17, 1990, Darmstadt, Hesse                                Science amp the world cold blooded dinosaurs used size for heat Isaac Asimov dinosaurs were he largest land animals that Ever existed. Some of them were 10 times As heavy As an elephant. Why were they so Large two biologists James Spotila of Drexel University and Frank Paladino of Purdue University Are trying to find out by studying turtles. Reptiles such As dinosaurs and turtles Are  that does no to mean they re always cold to the touch. If they stay out in the Sun they warm up. If the temperature drops however they Lack any biological mechanism to keep themselves warm so they Cool Down. Birds and mammals have such a mechanism and Are therefore a warm blooded a they remain warm to the touch even in cold weather. The warmer anything is the More rapidly internal chemical changes can take place. When an animal is warm it is Lithe and Active when it is cold it is sluggish and inert. Birds and mammals arc Active even in the coldest weather but reptiles and other cold blooded land animals move More slowly As the temperature drops. Yet evidence suggests that dinosaurs led pretty Active lives and they May have lived in cold climates too. Although it is possible that at least some dinosaurs were warm blooded scientists think there May be another reason. It is possible for cold blooded animals to stay warm in cold weather if they Are Large enough. The source of animal heat lies in the chemical reactions that go on in living tissue. The larger and the heavier the animal the More heat it produces in the course of Ordinary living. The heat that is produced is lost through the animals surface area the larger the animal the greater its surface area. However the two properties of a a largeness a heaviness and surface area a done to increase at the same rate As the size of an animal grows. The weight of an animal increases As the cube of its size and the surface area Only As the Square. In other words if you were to suddenly double All the dimensions of a particular animal its surface area would increase by 2x2 four time but its weight would increase by 2x2x2 eight times. For that reason a larger animal loses a smaller fraction of its body heat in a particular time than a Small animal does. If a cold blooded animal is Large enough the body heat it generates and the sunlight it adds during the Day can keep it going through the cold of the night and let it remain Active at a time when smaller coldblooded animals must hibernate and lie inert. Is that the secret behind the dinosaurs size did they evolve into giants As their Way of staying warm and Active to find out Spotila and Paladino studied the Leatherback Turtle one of the largest existing cold blooded reptiles. It can weigh up to i ton a just a fraction of the dinosaurs weight but the Best scientists can do today. Leatherback turtles while swimming in the cold sea seem to maintain body temperatures up to 30 degrees warmer than the water. Are they partly warm blooded if so the rate at which they consume oxygen must be higher than that of Small reptiles because it takes a lot of oxygen to bring about the chemical reactions that keep an animal warm. Spotila and Paladino studied these Large turtles in Costa Rica during the egg laying season when they came out on land. They measured the oxygen and Carbon dioxide in the turtles breath and found that it did consume oxygen More rapidly than other Large reptiles. On the other hand the rate of the turtles a oxygen con sumption was less than half that of a War blooded animal of the same size. The conclusion is that the Leatherback Turtle May have a Way of generating More heat than would be expected but not enough to be considered warm blooded. It maintains its temperature just by its size. Dinosaurs May have done the same. Of course being Large has its disadvantages. Large animals reproduce More slowly and require More food to survive which Means they must remain far fewer in numbers than the Small animals. Therefore if there is a sudden Radical change in the environment or sudden decrease in the food Supply Large animals Are More Likely to starve and die and even become extinct than Small animals Are. That is probably what happened on Earth 65 million years ago. The dinosaurs protective size May have also been their downfall. Los Angeles times Syndicate at a glance Finland size 130,119 Square Miles slightly smaller than Montana population 4,990,000 1989 estimate main languages finnish swedish both official currency finnish Mark $1-3.97 travel restrictions no visa required for american tourists. Overview the Lake District in Central Finland has thousands of Island dotted lakes. The rest of the country is either coastal lowlands or rugged terrain stretching to Tundra a Frozen treeless Plain a in the North. The land is famous for its Scenic Beauty with two thirds of it forested. From the year 1000 on Sweden and Russia vied for control of Finland and today swedish remains an official language. The capital Helsinki was redesigned in the 1820s and �?T30s after being devastated by fire. Its a fact Northern Finland lies inside the Arctic Circle a Region called the land of the Midnight Sun because the Sun shines 24 hours a Day during the summer. Any questions How do bees make Honey a Honey bees collect the nectar secreted by Flowers and convert it to Honey through two chemical changes and one physical change. The nectar is largely water and sucrose a sugar with 12 Carbon atoms. First bees add an enzyme called Invertase which converts the sucrose into two six Carbon sugars glucose and fructose. Then they add a second enzyme glucose oxidase which converts a q a a a yes a said Harold Feinberg of the american museum of natural history in new York. A a in be seen it. It has Long Golden yellow streamers of Poison  the cold water jellyfish might Small amount of the glucose into Luconic acid and makes Honey As acidic As wine or vinegar. The Low pm protects the Honey against bacteria. Both enzymes come from glands in the Heads of the bees. The bees then reduce the water Content of the Honey to 18 percent or less by spreading droplets of it throughout the hive and fanning their wings to move Large amounts of air Over it. According to Roger Morse of the Cornell University entomology department drying the Honey saves storage space and protects the Honey because microorganisms shrivel and die As water flows out of their cells into the surrounding Honey. A does the creature Cyan a Capi Llata which inflicted fatal injuries on swimmers in the Sherlock Holmes Story a the adventure of the Lions mane a really exist resemble a huge Lions mane just As sir Arthur Conan Doyle described it. Its Poison acts like a Neur toxin he said and the effect is paralysis. The average swimmer need not worry about meeting one unawares however. A it is really a colourful creature a Feinberg said. A the Bell is at least three or four feet across and the streamers drag 30 to 40  he also said that it does not frequent shallow Waters and that he had Only seen it on the High seas. New York times sunday june 17,1990